The short version of synthetic heptapeptide fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
Reviewed 2026-06-02. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. Its design combines the ACTH(4-7) core fragment with a C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension, a modification intended to improve stability and prolong activity. The molecule is hydrophilic, carries no lipid chains or glycosylation, and has a theoretical mass just over 810 daltons in its free form. All seven residues are proteinogenic amino acids, so no non-natural building blocks appear in the backbone. A free N-terminal methionine and C-terminal proline define the unmodified parent peptide.
The compound was developed during the 1980s at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow as part of research on fragments of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Early work examined short ACTH-derived sequences that retained neurotrophic effects while lacking the endocrine activity of the full hormone. Semax entered clinical use in Russia during the 1990s, where it received registration for several neurological indications. Outside that region it remained primarily a laboratory research material rather than an approved therapeutic. English-language literature on it grew more slowly and frequently cited the original Russian studies.
Terminology around the compound varies by source. It appears in catalogues and papers as Semax, as the heptapeptide ACTH(4-7)-Pro-Gly-Pro, and under various alphanumeric laboratory codes used by individual suppliers. These names refer to the same sequence but may imply different salt forms, purity grades, or counter-ions. Peptide databases usually list the free base mass, while product descriptions sometimes report acetate or trifluoroacetate salts with a different formula weight. Because naming conventions for research peptides are not standardised across vendors, checking the declared sequence and measured mass is more reliable than relying on a trade name alone.
溶液状态的稳定性明显低于冻干粉。肽类在水溶液中可能经历水解、氧化与聚集，其中甲硫氨酸和天冬酰胺等残基常是敏感位点。Semax 含有甲硫氨酸，因此氧化风险相对突出。工作液一般主张现配现用，或冷藏并在数日内用尽。缓冲液种类、pH 和离子强度都会影响降解速率，而关于最佳条件的公开数据并不统一。
常规纯度与身份确认依赖反相高效液相色谱，并辅以质谱测定分子量。氨基酸组成分析可用于验证序列构成，肽图分析则能进一步定位修饰或降解产物。杂质谱通常关注缺失序列肽、截短片段和氧化产物。不同方法的检出限并不相同，因此各实验室报告的纯度数值不宜直接横向比较。
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic heptapeptide | ACTH(4-7) analogue |
| Sequence | Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro | Free N terminus, unmodified side chains |
| Molecular weight | 813.9 Da | Free base; salt forms differ |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Lyophilised solid |
| Solubility | Freely soluble in water | Hydrophilic; polar solvents preferred |
Published research on this peptide originates mainly from Russian laboratories, and the wider international literature is comparatively thin. Studies have used rodent models of stroke, hypoxia, and memory tasks, with a smaller number of human trials reported. Reported outcomes include changes in attention and memory measures, along with effects on neurotrophic factor expression in some experiments. Small sample sizes, inconsistent dosing protocols, and limited independent replication are widely noted limitations, so the strength of the clinical evidence remains an open question.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide whose sequence is Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. The first four residues correspond to the ACTH(4-10) fragment, while the terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension was added to improve metabolic stability. Its molecular formula is C37H51N9O10S and its monoisotopic mass is approximately 813.9 Da. The compound is classified as a peptide research chemical and as a registered pharmaceutical product in Russia, but it does not hold marketing approval in the European Union or the United States. Naming conventions vary across supplier catalogs.
Development of the compound took place in the Soviet Union during the 1980s, largely through peptide research groups affiliated with the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute and Moscow State University. Investigators screened fragments of adrenocorticotropic hormone for activity on the central nervous system while attempting to separate cognitive effects from hormonal ones. The shortened sequence was selected because it retained behavioral activity in animal models without stimulating corticosteroid release. Early publications described the molecule as an ACTH(4-10) analog.
Purity assessment relies mainly on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, which separates the target heptapeptide from truncated sequences, deletion analogues, and oxidised forms. Mass spectrometry, usually coupled to liquid chromatography, confirms identity through the expected molecular ion and reveals modifications such as methionine sulfoxide formation. Amino acid analysis can verify composition, and tandem mass spectrometry supports sequence confirmation. Ultraviolet detection near 254 to 280 nanometres is convenient because the phenylalanine and histidine residues absorb in that region. Nuclear magnetic resonance is rarely used for routine release testing.
Common degradation pathways include oxidation of the methionine side chain, hydrolysis of the peptide backbone, and aggregation under unfavourable pH or concentration. Stability studies typically monitor the main peak by chromatography and report total related substances as a percentage. Because no official monograph exists, acceptance criteria vary between laboratories, and reported purity values are not directly comparable across suppliers. Analysts therefore document the method, column, and detection wavelength alongside each result, and open questions remain about how much biological activity the oxidised forms retain.
Laboratory descriptions of the material are consistent across suppliers. It appears as a white to off-white lyophilized powder that dissolves readily in water and in polar organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide. Aqueous solutions are clear and colorless at low concentrations. Because the peptide contains methionine, oxidation at the sulfur atom is a recognized degradation pathway, and handling notes usually call for protected, desiccated storage. Reported purity for research-grade lots is generally above 95 percent as measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
The compound is registered in Russia as a pharmaceutical product, most commonly formulated as a nasal solution, and has been used in that setting since the 1990s. Outside that jurisdiction it is generally handled as a research chemical rather than an approved medicine. Regulatory status therefore differs sharply between countries, and material sold internationally may not correspond to the Russian pharmaceutical formulation. Documentation with commercial samples is typically limited to a certificate of analysis covering purity and identity, not clinical status or local legal classification.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. It corresponds to the ACTH(4-7) fragment extended at the C-terminus by a Pro-Gly-Pro tripeptide, an addition intended to slow enzymatic breakdown. The molecular formula is C37H51N9O10S and the molecular mass is approximately 814 daltons. In the literature it is often described as an ACTH(4-10) analog, although that label reflects a naming convention as much as a precise structural relationship. The compound was developed in Russia and remains most closely associated with that research tradition.
The two major inactive metabolites are the N-dealkylation products (the carboxylic acid ID-20219 and the piperazine ID-11614), and a norbornane hydroxylated derivative of ID-20219 (ID-20220). Of lurasidone and its metabolites circulating in the blood, the native drug makes up 11%, the main active metabolite 4%, and the inactive carboxylic acids 24% and 11%, respectively. Several dozen metabolites have been identified altogether.:59–61 Biological half-life is given as 18 hours or 20 to 40 hours in different sources. 80% or 67% of a radiolabelled dose was recovered from the feces, and 9% or 19% from the urine.
=== 20 May === Eighteen Russian Shahed drones were launched at Kyiv. According to the Ukrainian Air Force all eighteen were shot down. Falling debris set fire to the roof of a residential complex in the Dniprovskyi District. This was the eleventh attack on the capital during the month of May. The Ukrainian Air Force also claimed to have destroyed two drones in the country's "east" and one in the "south" without further details. Yevgeny Prigozhin claimed on Telegram that his Wagner mercenaries had completely captured Bakhmut. This was denied by Ukraine, which nevertheless called the situation in the city "critical". The Russian Defence Ministry later confirmed the capture of the city, with President Putin sending his congratulations. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy met with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the G7 summit in Hiroshima for the first time since the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Pyotr Kucherenko, deputy science and higher education minister of the Russian Federation, suddenly fell ill on a plane returning from a business trip to Cuba. The aircraft landed at Mineralnye Vody however doctors were unable to save the minister's life. Kucherenko had reportedly called the war in Ukraine a "fascist invasion" in private. Exiled journalist Roman Super spoke to him "days before" his death, where Kucherenko expressed fears for his safety. The minister also had a preexisting heart condition.
== See also == Biological engineering Clinical and Translational Science (journal) Clinical trials Implementation research Personalized medicine Systems biology Translational research informatics Research practice gap (Knowledge transfer) Translational Engineering
Esters can be directly converted to nitriles. Methyl esters are often susceptible to decarboxylation in the Krapcho decarboxylation. Phenyl esters react to hydroxyarylketones in the Fries rearrangement. Specific esters are functionalized with an α-hydroxyl group in the Chan rearrangement. Esters with β-hydrogen atoms can be converted to alkenes in ester pyrolysis. Pairs of esters are coupled to give α-hydroxyketones in the acyloin condensation.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The prevailing academic opinion is that the Israelites were a mixture of peoples predominately indigenous to Canaan, with additional input from an Egyptian matrix of peoples, which most likely inspired the Exodus narrative. Israel's demographics were similar to the demographics of Ammon, Edom, Moab and Phoenicia. Israelite cultural identity was defined by a sense of a shared memory of a collective past in the story of Exodus. Cultural boundaries were marked by ritual practices involving body, food, and time, including male circumcision, avoidance of pork consumption and marking time based on the Exodus, the reigns of Israelite kings, and Sabbath observance. The first two practices were observed by neighbouring west Semites besides the Philistines, who were of Mycenaean Greek origin. As a result, intermarriage with other Semites was common. But what distinguished Israelite circumcision from non-Israelite circumcision was its emphasis on 'correct' timing. Israelite circumcision also served as a mnemonic sign for the circumcised, where their 'unnatural' erect circumcised penis would remind them to behave differently in sexual matters. Yom-Tov Lipmann-Muhlhausen suggests that Israelite identity was based on faith and adherence to sex-appropriate commandments. For men, it was circumcision. For women, it was ritual (animal) sacrifice after childbirth (Leviticus 12:6).
While transformed, he wields the D-Sword Vega (ディーソード・ベガ, Dī Sōdo Bega), which possesses a gun function and allows him to perform the Vega Tornado Slash (ベガトルネードスラッシュ, Bega Torunēdo Surasshu) attack and the Vega Slash (ベガスラッシュ, Bega Surasshu) finisher. He also rides the S.P.D. Helicopter (S.P.D.ヘリコプター, Esu Pī Dī Herikoputā). Doggie Kruger is voiced by Tetsu Inada (稲田 徹, Inada Tetsu).
His observations culminated in the Political Essay on the Island of Cuba, a comprehensive geographic study examining the island’s physical and economic conditions, as well as the social realities of slavery. Published in 1828, the work was notable for its data and its condemnation of slavery, resonating during the Latin American independence movements. If the legislation of the Antilles and the condition of the colored population does not experience some salutary change, and if discussion without action is continued, the political power may well pass into the hands of that class which holds the might of labor, the will to throw off the yoke Humboldt also analyzed demographic data. In Cumana, he had recorded 6,000 people of color among 110,000 white and Creole residents. In Havana, government archives revealed that more than 2,130,000 Africans had been forcibly transported to British Caribbean territories over the previous century. In 1806, the slave trade involved 53,000 sales in British dominions and 15,000 in the United States. Humboldt estimated that from 1670 to 1825, nearly five million Africans were brought to the West Indies, not counting deaths during the Middle Passage. He was deeply affected by the realities of slavery, expressing indignation and advocating for strict enforcement of anti-slavery laws. He hoped that anti-slavery principles would spread southward in the Americas. The journey through Cuba was shortened when Humboldt received news of Captain Baudin’s French scientific expedition, expected on the Peruvian coast within a year.
The technology was originally developed by Elan Drug Technologies, a business unit of Elan Corporation, plc; Alkermes acquired the technology when it purchased Elan's drug delivery unit in 2011 for approximately $960 million. Nanocrystals of paliperidone palmitate form a depot or reservoir in the muscle. The 3-month formulation of paliperidone palmitate, Invega Trinza or Trevicta, has larger crystal sizes than the 1-month formulation, which dissolve more slowly at the injection site, allowing for its longer duration.
==== Illegal marketing of Rapamune settlement (2014) ==== A "whistleblower suit" was filed in 2005 against Wyeth, which was acquired by Pfizer in 2009, alleging that the company illegally marketed sirolimus (Rapamune) for off-label uses, targeted specific doctors and medical facilities to increase sales of Rapamune, tried to get transplant patients to change from their transplant drugs to Rapamune, and specifically targeted African Americans. According to the whistleblowers, Wyeth also provided doctors and hospitals that prescribed the drug with kickbacks such as grants, donations, and other money. In 2013, the company pleaded guilty to criminal mis-branding violations under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. By August 2014, it had paid $491 million in civil and criminal penalties related to Rapamune.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Lurasidone, sold under the brand name Latuda among others, is an atypical antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar depression. It is taken by mouth. Common side effects include sedation, indigestion, nausea, and insomnia. At higher dosages, there is an increased risk for restlessness and movement problems. Serious side effects are valid for all atypical antipsychotics and may include the potentially permanent movement disorder tardive dyskinesia, as well as neuroleptic malignant syndrome, angioedema, and high blood sugar levels. Although lurasidone is less likely to cause high blood sugar levels in most patients, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome may occur. In older people with psychosis as a result of dementia, it may increase the risk of dying. Use during pregnancy is of unclear safety. Lurasidone was first approved for medical use in the United States in 2010, for treating schizophrenia. In 2013, it was approved in Canada and by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat bipolar depression, either as monotherapy or adjunctively with lithium or valproate. It is not FDA approved for treating manic symptoms associated with bipolar disorder despite its FDA approval for treating bipolar depression. Generic versions were approved in the United States in 2019, and became available in 2023. In 2021, it was the 193rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2 million prescriptions.
=== 7 June === Two people were reported to have been killed in a Russian drone strike on a house in Sumy Oblast. The Ukrainian Defence Ministry announced its forces had advanced from 200 to 1,100 metres around Bakhmut. In Russia, there was continued shelling of Belgorod Oblast, including in Shebekino district. Russia announced the arrest of a resident of Primorsky Krai for gathering information about law enforcement facilities and military infrastructure for Ukraine.
==== Hair bleaching and coloring ==== Diluted H2O2 (between 1.9% and 12%) mixed into a solution with aqueous ammonia, aniline (color molecule) and a coupler, has been used to color human hair. It can also be mixed with powder or cream bleach compounds, most notably potassium chloride. Bleaching hair follicles does not destroy or remove color molecule or melanocytes. Bleaching compounds work to drive wedges between color molecules or melanocytes, allowing more visible light to pass through the hair shaft. The chemical's bleaching property lends its name to the phrase "peroxide blonde". Hydrogen peroxide is also used for tooth whitening. It may be found in most whitening toothpastes. Hydrogen peroxide has shown positive results involving teeth lightness and chroma shade parameters. It works by oxidizing colored pigments onto the enamel where the shade of the tooth may become lighter. Hydrogen peroxide may be mixed with baking soda and salt to make a homemade toothpaste.
The country declined several international offers of COVID-19 vaccines, making it one of the few countries not to begin a vaccination programme. North Korea began administering its first vaccine doses in late May 2022 to select soldiers. In May 2022, the Korean Central News Agency reported that an unspecified number of people in the capital Pyongyang tested positive for the virus, and announced the country's first confirmed deaths. Authorities announced over 1 million North Koreans were suffering from "fever". Kim Jong Un declared a national emergency and a country-wide lockdown. While NK News asserted that "fever" was used as a substitute for COVID-19 cases, the South Korean National Intelligence Service stated that the total included cases of waterborne diseases, such as measles and typhoid. In a discreet interview with the BBC through Daily NK, some North Koreans reported an alarming rate of food scarcity, as the country had stopped importing food supplies due to the pandemic. One woman reported her neighbours had died of starvation, and others said they were living in constant fear of death. On 5 May 2023, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced an end to the COVID-19 global health emergency.
=== European Union === The European Union (EU) prohibits the importation of meat products, including jerky, without additional and extensive customs documentation, and further inspections. European Union regulations on jerky, specifically biltong/jerky, focus on ensuring animal health and food safety. Imports are only allowed from countries or regions authorized for such imports, and these products must undergo specific treatments before entering the EU. Decision 2007/777/EC outlines the specific authorization requirements and treatments.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic seven-amino-acid peptide built from the ACTH(4-7) sequence plus a Pro-Gly-Pro tail. It belongs to the family of short ACTH fragments studied for nervous-system effects. Its backbone contains only standard amino acids.
It contains the 4-7 fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone extended at the C terminus. That truncation removes the region associated with steroidogenic activity. The design intent was to keep neurotrophic properties while avoiding full hormonal effects.
No natural source of the intact heptapeptide is known. It is produced by solid-phase peptide synthesis. Some related ACTH fragments arise as hormone processing products, but the Pro-Gly-Pro extension is a designed addition rather than a natural sequence.
一般不建议常温长期保存。多数说明指向 -20 °C 冷冻避光。常温运输通常被视为短期可接受，但会加快降解风险。