Semax ���储存、稳定性与分析 — Hands-On Walkthrough

By Editorial Desk · published 2026-02-11 · last reviewed 2026-03-03 · Blog

ACTH analog raises a handful of sensible questions. This page answers them in order, starting with the fundamentals and moving to applications.

Reviewed 2026-03-03. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.

Semax 的储存、稳定性与分析

多数实验室与市售的 Semax 以冻干粉形式提供。冻干粉通常建议保存在 -20 °C 或更低温度下，同时避免光照与反复升温。短期运输有时采用冷藏条件，但长期保存仍以冷冻为主。分包操作应尽量减少开盖次数，以降低吸湿和微生物污染的风险。开封后若未一次用完，建议在干燥环境中密封并尽快放回低温储存。

溶液状态的稳定性明显低于冻干粉。肽类在水溶液中可能经历水解、氧化与聚集，其中甲硫氨酸和天冬酰胺等残基常是敏感位点。Semax 含有甲硫氨酸，因此氧化风险相对突出。工作液一般主张现配现用，或冷藏并在数日内用尽。缓冲液种类、pH 和离子强度都会影响降解速率，而关于最佳条件的公开数据并不统一。

Chemical Identity and Research Background

Development of the compound took place in the Soviet Union during the 1980s, largely through peptide research groups affiliated with the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute and Moscow State University. Investigators screened fragments of adrenocorticotropic hormone for activity on the central nervous system while attempting to separate cognitive effects from hormonal ones. The shortened sequence was selected because it retained behavioral activity in animal models without stimulating corticosteroid release. Early publications described the molecule as an ACTH(4-10) analog.

Published research on this peptide originates mainly from Russian laboratories, and the wider international literature is comparatively thin. Studies have used rodent models of stroke, hypoxia, and memory tasks, with a smaller number of human trials reported. Reported outcomes include changes in attention and memory measures, along with effects on neurotrophic factor expression in some experiments. Small sample sizes, inconsistent dosing protocols, and limited independent replication are widely noted limitations, so the strength of the clinical evidence remains an open question.

Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide whose sequence is Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. The first four residues correspond to the ACTH(4-10) fragment, while the terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension was added to improve metabolic stability. Its molecular formula is C37H51N9O10S and its monoisotopic mass is approximately 813.9 Da. The compound is classified as a peptide research chemical and as a registered pharmaceutical product in Russia, but it does not hold marketing approval in the European Union or the United States. Naming conventions vary across supplier catalogs.

Semax at a glance

Handling, Stability, and Analytical Control

Dissolution is normally performed in water, phosphate-buffered saline, or normal saline, since the peptide is freely soluble in aqueous media and is rarely handled with strong organic solvents. Solution pH should be kept near neutral, because extreme acidity or alkalinity accelerates backbone hydrolysis and encourages oxidation of the methionine side chain. Once dissolved, the material is less stable than the dry powder and is commonly divided into single-use portions and frozen. Buffers containing primary amines, such as Tris, are often avoided because of possible side reactions.

Purity assessment relies mainly on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, which separates the target heptapeptide from truncated sequences, deletion analogues, and oxidised forms. Mass spectrometry, usually coupled to liquid chromatography, confirms identity through the expected molecular ion and reveals modifications such as methionine sulfoxide formation. Amino acid analysis can verify composition, and tandem mass spectrometry supports sequence confirmation. Ultraviolet detection near 254 to 280 nanometres is convenient because the phenylalanine and histidine residues absorb in that region. Nuclear magnetic resonance is rarely used for routine release testing.

Common degradation pathways include oxidation of the methionine side chain, hydrolysis of the peptide backbone, and aggregation under unfavourable pH or concentration. Stability studies typically monitor the main peak by chromatography and report total related substances as a percentage. Because no official monograph exists, acceptance criteria vary between laboratories, and reported purity values are not directly comparable across suppliers. Analysts therefore document the method, column, and detection wavelength alongside each result, and open questions remain about how much biological activity the oxidised forms retain.

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Semax Background and Chemistry

Laboratory descriptions of the material are consistent across suppliers. It appears as a white to off-white lyophilized powder that dissolves readily in water and in polar organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide. Aqueous solutions are clear and colorless at low concentrations. Because the peptide contains methionine, oxidation at the sulfur atom is a recognized degradation pathway, and handling notes usually call for protected, desiccated storage. Reported purity for research-grade lots is generally above 95 percent as measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

The compound is registered in Russia as a pharmaceutical product, most commonly formulated as a nasal solution, and has been used in that setting since the 1990s. Outside that jurisdiction it is generally handled as a research chemical rather than an approved medicine. Regulatory status therefore differs sharply between countries, and material sold internationally may not correspond to the Russian pharmaceutical formulation. Documentation with commercial samples is typically limited to a certificate of analysis covering purity and identity, not clinical status or local legal classification.

Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. It corresponds to the ACTH(4-7) fragment extended at the C-terminus by a Pro-Gly-Pro tripeptide, an addition intended to slow enzymatic breakdown. The molecular formula is C37H51N9O10S and the molecular mass is approximately 814 daltons. In the literature it is often described as an ACTH(4-10) analog, although that label reflects a naming convention as much as a precise structural relationship. The compound was developed in Russia and remains most closely associated with that research tradition.

Mechanism and Research

Claims about enhanced focus, memory, or mood in healthy people rest mostly on anecdotal reports and community discussion rather than on controlled data. It remains unclear whether any cognitive benefit observed in patients recovering from brain injury would extend to uninjured users. Dose-response relationships, long-term safety, and interactions with other drugs are not well characterized in the peer-reviewed literature. Questions about optimal route of administration and treatment duration likewise remain open.

Semax binds to melanocortin receptors and is thought to influence neuronal survival and plasticity rather than to act through the adrenal axis. Laboratory work has shown increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in treated tissue. Changes in c-Fos, a marker of neuronal activation, have also been reported. Because the peptide is rapidly degraded by peptidases, its effects are generally attributed to downstream signaling cascades rather than to sustained receptor occupancy.

Published studies are dominated by animal models of stroke, ischemia, and cognitive impairment, with a smaller number of human trials conducted in Russia. Many of the human reports are small, single-center, and published in Russian-language journals, which limits independent scrutiny. Outcome measures vary between studies and often rely on clinician-rated scales rather than objective biomarkers. Systematic reviews have noted the methodological weaknesses and called for larger, preregistered trials before firm conclusions can be drawn.

Semax Structure and Research Background

Development took place during the 1980s at institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where peptide fragments of ACTH were screened for cognitive and neuroprotective effects. The compound received regulatory approval in Russia as a nasal preparation, marketed for conditions such as ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attacks, and optic nerve disorders. Registration in other countries has not followed. Most published clinical reports originate from a small number of Russian research groups, and independent replication outside that setting remains limited. The regulatory status therefore differs sharply between Russia and the rest of the world.

Laboratory work points toward modulation of neurotrophic signaling, particularly expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in hippocampal tissue. Studies also describe effects on monoamine turnover, inflammatory mediators, and oxidative markers. These observations come mainly from animal models and cultured cells, so the causal chain in humans is not firmly established. Whether the reported molecular changes translate into measurable clinical benefit is an open question. Reviews generally present the mechanism as plausible rather than demonstrated.

Notes from published material

On 15 April 2012, Marco Antonio Reyes, reported to be the head of the cartel's gunmen, was captured in Veracruz along with five of his associates. The arrests also led to the capture of three other cartel members, including the head of the cartel's operations in the Veracruz cities of Veracruz and Boca del Río. On 30 January 2014, Mexican authorities arrested Rubén Oseguera González (alias "El Menchito"), the second-in-command in the cartel and the son of Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes, the organization's leader. Rubén was eventually extradited to the United States in 2020, where he was convicted in two criminal trials which took place in September 2024, and given a life sentence in March 2025. On 1 May 2015, a Mexican army helicopter was shot at and forced to land in what Jalisco's Governor Aristoteles Sandoval described as "a reaction to an operation to detain leaders of this cartel". On 28 May 2018, they arrested Rosalinda González Valencia, who is the wife of Cervantes. From 2015 to 2025, prominent CJNG leaders who were also brother-in-laws of El Mencho, Abigael González Valencia, Gerardo González Valencia, and José González Valencia was arrested and extradited to the United States at later dates. While in the United States, Gerardo was given a life sentence in July 2023 after accepting a guilty plea related to drug trafficking charges, while José was given a 30 year sentence after accepting a guilty plea to less extreme drug trafficking charges in June 2025.

is the measured contact angle A series of solutions with known surface tension (e.g., Dyne solutions) can be used to estimate the surface energy of the polymer substrate qualitatively by observing the wettability of each. These methods are applicable to macroscopic surface oxidation, as in industrial processing.

== Effectiveness == While methadone clinics are generally considered to be effective treatment options for patients addicted to opioids, especially when other interventions have failed, there is controversy surrounding the placement of methadone clinics. There is a perception that the presence of the clinics attracts crime to surrounding areas. However, one study by the University of Maryland School of Medicine found that crime rates do not increase when a methadone clinic is opened. Another study by University of Pennsylvania found within a 200 m radius, the presence of a methadone clinic causes a significant decrease in property and total crime but a significant increase in drug and violent crime. A 2004 GAO study notes that placement of clinics can impede recovery and exacerbate relapse: "Although these clinics are intended to help those in need of rehabilitation, patients who seek treatment must navigate their way to and from the clinics in an environment in which illegal sales of narcotics are daily occurrences. The efforts of patients who are seeking rehabilitation, and clinic professionals who serve them, are significantly undermined by this criminal activity that surrounds them." Between 70 and 90% of patients who discontinue methadone maintenance will relapse. The high relapse rate may be partially due to the severity of cases seen at methadone clinics, as well as the long-term effects of opioid use. Some patients stay on methadone for the rest of their lives, which generates criticism regarding the effectiveness of the clinics.

== Adverse effects == The adverse-event profile of ceftolozane/tazobactam from two phase II trials (comparing either ceftolozane alone or in combination with tazobactam to ceftazidime or meropenem) suggests that ceftolozane/tazobactam is well tolerated. The most common adverse effects reported with ceftolozane/tazobactam are headache (5.8%), constipation (3.9%), hypertension (3%), nausea (2.8%), and diarrhea (1.9%).

Sources: en.wikipedia.org

Background from the literature

== Career == After her PhD, Chutia continued her research at Dibrugarh University for another year as a CSIR-postdoctoral fellow. She entered the field of plasma physics at the Physical Research Laboratory in Ahmedabad and then joined the Institute for Plasma Research in Gandhinagar. She then returned to the Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology as a faculty member and set up the Plasma Physics Laboratory. After finishing a fellowship awarded by the Japanese government in 1988 to work at the Plasma Laboratory of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Tokyo, in 2005 she became the director of the Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology.

=== Modifications in nature === Ribokinase catalyzes the conversion of d-ribose to d-ribose 5-phosphate. Once converted, d-ribose-5-phosphate is available for the manufacturing of the amino acids tryptophan and histidine, or for use in the pentose phosphate pathway. The absorption of d-ribose is 88–100% in the small intestines (up to 200 mg/kg·h). One important modification occurs at the C2' position of the ribose molecule. By adding an O-alkyl group, the nuclear resistance of the RNA is increased because of additional stabilizing forces. These forces are stabilizing because of the increase of intramolecular hydrogen bonding and an increase in the glycosidic bond stability. The resulting increase of resistance leads to increases in the half-life of siRNA and the potential therapeutic potential in cells and animals. The methylation of ribose at particular sites is correlated with a decrease in immune stimulation.

Integral polytopic proteins are transmembrane proteins that span across the membrane more than once. These proteins may have different transmembrane topology. These proteins have one of two structural architectures: Helix bundle proteins, which are present in all types of biological membranes; Beta barrel proteins, which are found only in outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, and outer membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Bitopic proteins are transmembrane proteins that span across the membrane only once. Transmembrane helices from these proteins have significantly different amino acid distributions to transmembrane helices from polytopic proteins. Integral monotopic proteins are integral membrane proteins that are attached to only one side of the membrane and do not span the whole way across.

Sources: en.wikipedia.org

Reference notes

{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\rho \left({\frac {\partial u_{x}}{\partial t}}+u_{x}{\frac {\partial u_{x}}{\partial x}}+u_{y}{\frac {\partial u_{x}}{\partial y}}\right)&=-{\frac {\partial p}{\partial x}}+\mu \left({\frac {\partial ^{2}u_{x}}{\partial x^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}u_{x}}{\partial y^{2}}}\right)+\rho g_{x}\\\rho \left({\frac {\partial u_{y}}{\partial t}}+u_{x}{\frac {\partial u_{y}}{\partial x}}+u_{y}{\frac {\partial u_{y}}{\partial y}}\right)&=-{\frac {\partial p}{\partial y}}+\mu \left({\frac {\partial ^{2}u_{y}}{\partial x^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}u_{y}}{\partial y^{2}}}\right)+\rho g_{y}.\end{aligned}}}

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technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Common management information service ISO/IEC 9596 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Common management information protocol ISO/IEC 9596-1:1998 Part 1: Specification ISO/IEC 9596-2:1993 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO 9611:1996 Acoustics – Characterization of sources of structure-borne sound with respect to sound radiation from connected structures – Measurement of velocity at the contact points of machinery when resiliently mounted ISO 9613 Acoustics – Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors ISO 9613-1:1993 Part 1: Calculation of the absorption of sound by the atmosphere ISO 9613-2:1996 Part 2: General method of calculation ISO 9614 Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound intensity ISO 9614-1:1993 Part 1: Measurement at discrete points ISO 9614-2:1996 Part 2: Measurement by scanning ISO 9614-3:2002 Part 3: Precision method for measurement by scanning ISO 9626:2016 Stainless steel needle tubing for the manufacture of medical devices – Requirements and test methods ISO/IEC 9636 Information technology - Computer graphics - Interfacing techniques for dialogues with graphical devices (CGI) - Functional specification ISO/IEC 9636-1:1991 Part 1: Overview, profiles, and conformance ISO/IEC 9636-2:1991 Part 2: Control ISO/IEC 9636-3:1991 Part 3: Output ISO/IEC 9636-4:1991 Part 4: Segments ISO/IEC 9636-5:1991 Part 5: Input and echoing ISO/IEC 9636-6:1991 Part 6: Raster ISO/IEC 9637 Information technology - Computer graphics - Interfacing techniques for dialogues with graphical devices (CGI) – Data stream binding ISO/IEC 9637-1:1994 Part 1: Character encoding ISO/IEC 9637-2:1992 Part 2: Binary encoding ISO/IEC 9638 Information technology - Computer graphics - Interfacing techniques for dialogues with graphical devices (CGI) - Language bindings ISO/IEC 9638-3:1994 Part 3: Ada ISO 9645:1990 Acoustics – Measurement of noise emitted by two-wheeled mopeds in motion – Engineering method ISO/IEC 9646 Information technology—Open Systems Interconnection—Conformance testing methodology and framework ISO/IEC 9646-1:1994 Part 1: General concepts ISO/IEC 9646-2:1994 Part 2: Abstract Test Suite specification ISO/IEC 9646-3:1998 Part 3: The Tree and Tabular Combined Notation (TTCN) ISO/IEC 9646-4:1994 Part 4: Test realization ISO/IEC 9646-5:1994 Part 5: Requirements on test laboratories and clients for the conformance assessment process ISO/IEC 9646-6:1994 Part 6: Protocol profile test specification ISO/IEC 9646-7:1995 Part 7: Implementation Conformance Statements ISO 9660:1988 Information processing – Volume and file structure of CD-ROM for information interchange ISO/IEC 9661:1994 Information technology – Data interchange on 12,7 mm wide magnetic tape cartridges – 18 tracks, 1 491 data bytes per millimetre ISO 9662:1994 Aircraft equipment - Environmental and operating conditions for airborne equipment - Humidity, temperature and pressure tests ISO 9668:1990 Pulps — Determination of magnesium content — Flame atomic absorption spectrometric method [Withdrawn: replaced with ISO 12830] ISO 9687:2015 Dentistry - Graphical symbols for dental equipment ISO 9688:1990 Mechanical vibration and shock – Analytical methods of assessing shock resistance of mechanical systems – Information exchange between suppliers and users of analyses ISO 9696:2007 Water quality - Measurement of gross alpha activity in non-saline water - Thick source method ISO 9706:1994 Information and documentation – Paper for documents – Requirements for permanence ISO 9707:2008 Information and documentation - Statistics on the production and distribution of books, newspapers, periodicals and electronic publications ISO 9712:2012 Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of NDT personnel ISO 9713:2002 Neurosurgical implants – Self-closing intracranial aneurysm clips ISO 9714 Orthopaedic drilling instruments ISO 9714-1:2012 Part 1: Drill bits, taps and countersink cutters ISO 9735:1988 Electronic data interchange for administration, commerce and transport (EDIFACT) – Application level syntax rules (Syntax version number: 4, Syntax release number: 2) ISO 9735-1:2002 Part 1: Syntax rules common to all parts ISO 9735-2:2002 Part 2: Syntax rules specific to batch EDI ISO 9735-3:2002 Part 3: Syntax rules specific to interactive EDI ISO 9735-4:2002 Part 4: Syntax and service report message for batch EDI (message type – CONTRL) ISO 9735-5:2002 Part 5: Security rules for batch EDI (authenticity, integrity and non-repudiation of origin) ISO 9735-6:2002 Part 6: Secure authentication and acknowledgement message (message type – AUTACK) ISO 9735-7:2002 Part 7: Security rules for batch EDI (confidentiality) ISO 9735-8:2002 Part 8: Associated data in EDI ISO 9735-9:2002 Part 9: Security key and certificate management message (message type – KEYMAN) ISO 9735-10:2014 Part 10: Syntax service directories ISO/IEC 9796 Information technology – Security techniques – Digital signature schemes giving message recovery ISO/IEC 9796-2:2010 Part 2: Integer factorization based mechanisms ISO/IEC 9796-3:2006 Part 3: Discrete logarithm based mechanisms ISO/IEC 9797 Information technology – Security techniques – Message Authentication Codes (MACs) ISO/IEC 9797-1:2011 Part 1: Mechanisms using a block cipher ISO/IEC 9797-2:2011 Part 2: Mechanisms using a dedicated hash-function ISO/IEC 9797-3:2011 Part 3: Mechanisms using a universal hash-function ISO/IEC 9798 Information technology – Security techniques – Entity authentication ISO/IEC 9798-1:2010 Part 1: General ISO/IEC 9798-2:2008 Part 2: Mechanisms using symmetric encipherment algorithms ISO/IEC 9798-3:1998 Part 3: Mechanisms using digital signature ISO/IEC 9798-4:1999 Part 4: Mechanisms using a cryptographic check function ISO/IEC 9798-5:2009 Part 5: Mechanisms using zero-knowledge techniques ISO/IEC 9798-6:2010 Part 6: Mechanisms using manual data transfer ISO 9801:2009 Ophthalmic instruments – Trial case lenses ISO 9802:1996 Raw optical glass – Vocabulary ISO/IEC 9804:1998 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Service definition for the Commitment, Concurrency and Recovery service element ISO/IEC 9805 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Protocol for the Commitment, Concurrency and Recovery service element ISO/IEC 9805-1:1998 Protocol specification ISO/IEC 9805-2:1996 Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) proforma ISO/TR 9824:2007 Hydrometry – Measurement of free surface flow in closed conduits ISO 9825:2005 Hydrometry – Field measurement of discharge in large rivers and rivers in flood ISO 9826:1992 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Parshall and SANIIRI flumes ISO 9827:1994 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels by weirs and flumes – Streamlined triangular profile weirs ISO/IEC 9834 Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Procedures for the operation of OSI Registration Authorities ISO/IEC 9834-1:2012 General procedures and top arcs of the international object identifier tree ISO/IEC 9834-2:1993 Part 2: Registration procedures for OSI document types ISO/IEC 9834-3:2008 Registration of Object Identifier arcs beneath the top-level arc jointly administered by ISO and ITU-T ISO/IEC 9834-4:1991 Part 4: Register of VTE Profiles ISO/IEC 9834-5:1991 Part 5: Register of VT Control Object Definitions ISO/IEC 9834-6:2005 Registration of application processes and application entities ISO/IEC 9834-7:2008 Joint ISO and ITU-T Registration of International Organizations ISO/IEC 9834-8:2014 Part 8: Generation of universally unique identifiers (UUIDs) and their use in object identifiers ISO/IEC 9834-9:2008 Registration of object identifier arcs for applications and services using tag-based identification ISO 9846 Solar energy -- Calibration of a pyranometer using a pyrheliometer ISO 9847 Solar energy -- Calibration of field pyranometers by comparison to a reference pyranometer ISO 9849:2017 Optics and optical instruments - Geodetic and surveying instruments - Vocabulary ISO 9851:1990 Continuous mechanical handling equipment – Overhead electrical monorail conveyors – Definitions and safety rules ISO 9869 Thermal insulation – Building elements – In-situ measurements of thermal resistance and thermal transmittance ISO 9873:2017 Dentistry - Intra-oral mirrors ISO 9878:1990 Micrographics - Graphical symbols for use in microfilming ISO 9897:1997 Freight containers - Container equipment data exchange (CEDEX) - General communication codes ISO/IEC 9899:2018 Programming languages – C ISO 9902 Textile machinery – Noise test code ISO 9902-1:2001 Part 1: Common requirements ISO 9902-2:2001 Part 2: Spinning preparatory and spinning machinery ISO 9902-3:2001 Part 3: Nonwoven machinery ISO 9902-4:2001 Part 4: Yarn processing, cordage and rope manufacturing machinery ISO 9902-5:2001 Part 5: Weaving and knitting preparatory machinery ISO 9902-6:2001 Part 6: Fabric manufacturing machinery ISO 9902-7:2001 Part 7: Dyeing and finishing machinery ISO 9926 Cranes – Training of operators ISO 9926-1:1990 Part 1: General ISO 9926-3:2016 Part 3: Tower cranes ISO/IEC/IEEE 9945:2009 Information technology – Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX®) Base Specifications, Issue 7 ISO 9947:2005 Textile machinery and accessories – Two-for-one twisters – Vocabulary ISO 9949 Urine absorbing aids - Vocabulary ISO 9949-1:1993 Part 1: Conditions of urinary incontinence ISO 9949-2:1993 Part 2: Products ISO 9949-3:1993 Part 3: Identification of product types ISO 9951:1993 Measurement of gas flow in closed conduits – Turbine meters ISO 9957 Fluid draughting media ISO 9957-1:1992 Part 1: Water-based India ink – Requirements and test conditions ISO 9957-2:1995 Part 2: Water-based non-India ink – Requirements and test conditions ISO 9957-3:1997 Part 3: Water-based coloured draughting inks – Requirements and test conditions ISO 9958 Draughting media for technical drawings – Draughting film with polyester base ISO 9958-1:1992 Part 1: Requirements and marking ISO 9958-2:1992 Part 2: Determination of properties ISO 9959 Numerically controlled draughting machines – Drawing test for the evaluation of performance ISO 9959-1:1992 Part 1: Vector plotters ISO 9960 Draughting instruments with or without graduation ISO 9960-1:1992 Part 1: Draughting scale rules ISO 9961:1992 Draughting media for technical drawings – Natural tracing paper ISO 9962 Manually operated draughting machines ISO 9962-1:1992 Part 1: Definitions, classification and designation ISO 9962-2:1992 Part 2: Characteristics, performance, inspection and marking ISO/IEC 9973:2013 Information technology - Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data representation - Procedures for registration of items ISO 9984:1996 Information and documentation – Transliteration of Georgian characters into Latin characters ISO 9985:1996 Information and documentation – Transliteration of Armenian characters into Latin characters ISO 9992 Financial transaction cards – Messages between the integrated circuit card and the card accepting device ISO/IEC 9995 Information technology – Keyboard layouts for text and office systems ISO 9997:1999 Dental cartridge syringes ISO 9999 Assistive products for persons with disability – Classification and terminology

Alan Dershowitz, Claus's attorney, wrote a book about the case, Reversal of Fortune: Inside the von Bülow Case (New York, Random House 1986 and London, Penguin Books 1991). The 1990 film Reversal of Fortune was based on Dershowitz's books about the case, with Glenn Close playing Sunny and Jeremy Irons playing Claus von Bülow, a performance for which he was awarded an Academy Award for Best Actor. Bill Kurtis narrated an episode of the series American Justice titled "Von Bulow: A Wealth of Evidence". The American television series Biography produced and aired a documentary episode titled "Claus von Bülow: A Reasonable Doubt", with interviews of Claus Von Bülow and Alan Dershowitz. The case is referenced in the Seinfeld episode "The Suicide". Jerry Seinfeld is in a hospital room watching over a comatose neighbor. To the neighbor's ex-girlfriend he remarked, "It's not like a Sunny Von Bülow coma. Doctor said he should snap out of it anytime." Sunny is referenced in the American television show Will & Grace, in which socialite Karen Walker asks more than once about Sunny being “out of bed.”

== Function == Vicilin is a globulin present in legumes that assists the storage of proteins. Vicilins are 7S globulins. Sucrose binding, antifungal capabilities, and oxidative stress are a few of the globulin's functions. Vicilin peptides produced by digestion using trypsin or chymotrypsin offer anti-hypersensitive properties. Vicilin's function was best understood because to the addition of the copper ligand. Vicilin has various significant residues, four of which are involved in copper ion coordination. Vicilin belongs to the cupin family of proteins, in which metal ligand coordination is common, but vicilin is the only seed storage protein in this family known to include copper. This inclusion is crucial for enzymatic activity.

Sources: en.wikipedia.org

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