The short version of semax fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
Reviewed 2025-12-11. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Russian regulatory authorities approved the peptide for nasal administration, and it remains listed in the national pharmacopoeia under several trade names. Documented indications include acute ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attacks, traumatic brain injury, and certain ophthalmological and neurological conditions. Physicians also prescribe it for cognitive complaints in older patients, although the evidence base for that use is thinner. Outside Russia and a few neighboring states, the substance is not an approved medicine and is sold instead as a research chemical.
Later generations of the molecule include an N-acetylated form and an amidated form, both marketed online alongside the parent peptide. These variants differ in terminal chemistry and stability, and they are frequently discussed in the same breath even though they have not been compared in controlled trials. Supply outside formal healthcare systems comes largely from laboratories that synthesize peptides to order. Purity and identity of these materials vary widely, and no single body oversees the international trade.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide developed in the Soviet Union during the 1980s by researchers at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow. It was designed as a truncated analog of adrenocorticotropic hormone, retaining only the fragment spanning residues four through ten. Investigators sought a peptide that would preserve the cognitive effects associated with ACTH while eliminating the hormonal stimulation of the adrenal cortex. The compound entered clinical use in Russia during the following decade.
Semax 是一种人工合成的七肽，氨基酸序列为 Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro，单字母缩写记作 MEHFPGP。它被归类为促肾上腺皮质激素片段 ACTH(4-10) 的结构类似物，但并不天然存在于生物体内。母体片段 ACTH(4-10) 的序列为 Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly，Semax 替换了中间两个残基，并在羧基端延长了 Pro-Gly-Pro 三肽。这种延长被普遍认为能提升分子对肽酶的耐受性。
该化合物于二十世纪八十年代在俄罗斯被开发，相关工作由俄罗斯科学院分子遗传学研究所的研究团队主导。开发目标并非复制 ACTH 的完整激素活性，而是寻找保留其神经作用方向、同时去除促肾上腺皮质激素释放效应的短肽片段。研究记录显示，这一方向促成了多个相关短肽的合成与筛选，而 Semax 是其中被研究最广泛的一个。当地文献常以 Семакс 这一名称指代它。
研究兴趣主要集中在神经营养因子相关的路径上，包括脑源性神经营养因子与神经生长因子的表达变化。部分实验报告称在特定条件下观察到这些因子的水平上升，但具体信号通路和剂量依赖关系仍未完全厘清。多数公开数据来自细胞模型和动物实验，人体对照研究数量有限。因此，该化合物的作用机制在文献中属于活跃讨论，而非已经确立的定论。
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular class | Synthetic heptapeptide | Analog of an ACTH fragment |
| Amino acid length | Seven residues | Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro |
| Origin | Moscow, 1980s | Institute of Molecular Genetics |
| Approved regions | Russia and some neighboring states | Not cleared in Western markets |
| Common trade names | Multiple national brands | Sold as a nasal formulation |
Dexatrim has been on the market for more than 45 years. The brand was originally owned by Thompson Medical, which was acquired by Chattem in 1998. It is now part of Sanofi. Dexatrim formula has changed considerably over the years. In prior formulations, Dexatrim contained the decongestant phenylpropanolamine (PPA) and the amphetamine-like compound ephedra. A 2000 study by Yale University School of Medicine showed an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke with taking PPA. A case of myocardial injury was also reported using Dexatrim (with PPA) at doses recommended for weight control. In 2000, following the request of the FDA to discontinue marketing drug products containing PPA, Dexatrim dropped PPA from its formula. In 2004, FDA banned a second Dexatrim ingredient, ephedra. Although ephedra showed some effectiveness for short-term weight loss, it was linked to raising blood pressure and increasing the risk of heart problems and stroke. In March 2014, Chattem sold Dexatrim to NVE Pharmaceuticals.
CCL7 is expressed in many types of cells, including stromal cells, keratinocytes, airway smooth muscle cells, parenchymal cells, fibroblasts and leukocytes and also in tumor cells. CCL7 mainly acts as a chemoattractant for several leukocytes, including monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, NK cells and activated T lymphocytes. Thus, chemotactic factor CCL7 recruits leukocytes to infected tissues to mediate the immune response. Furthermore, CCL7 has an influence to diapedesis and extravasation of leukocytes. The positive effect of CCL7 is mainly observed in monocyte mobilization from bone marrow to blood circulation and in the recruitment of monocytes to sites of inflammation. It was also reported, that CCL7 can also induce neutrophil migration to the inflammatory site by increasing intracellular Ca2+ flux, which is more typical for the CXC chemokine family members. The speed of immune responses varies depending on the type of the cells. In epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells the response is immediate after the stimulation by proinflammatory cytokines as IL-1β and TNFα. In T lymphocytes the expression of CCL7 occurs after 3–5 days after the stimulation. CCL7 has been shown to interact with MMP2 by binding CCR2 receptor.
The 227AcBe neutron sources can be applied in a neutron probe – a standard device for measuring the quantity of water present in soil, as well as moisture/density for quality control in highway construction. Such probes are also used in well logging applications, in neutron radiography, tomography, and other radiochemical investigations.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Contraindications == Artesunate is typically a well tolerated medicine. Known contraindications include a previous severe allergic reaction to artesunate. Drugs that should be avoided while on artesunate are the drugs that inhibit the liver enzyme CYP2A6. These drugs include amiodarone, desipramine, isoniazid, ketoconazole, letrozole, methoxsalen and tranylcypromine.
=== Parkinson's === Similar to Alzheimer's, Parkinson's is the most common neurodegenerative disease associated with balance and coordination issues, muscle stiffness, and tremors. During the early 1800s, James Parkinson medically defined this disease. A study observed improvement in locomotor abilities in rats with Parkinson's after intranasal delivery of conjugated mitochondrial systems. Another study demonstrated delivery of neuroactive drugs in a hydrogel increased residence times in the nasal cavity and concentration in the brain. Administering therapeutics combined with nanocarriers is shown to directly transfer drugs to the target cells and enhance accumulation. The observed effects include improved neuronal signaling and locomotion. Furthermore, intranasal delivery of biodegradable nanoparticles surface-modified with lactoferrin increase accumulation in the brain and cellular uptake.
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), also known as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, is an inhibiting hormone of the secretin family of hormones. While it is a weak inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, its main role, being an incretin, is to stimulate insulin secretion. GIP, along with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), belongs to a class of molecules (incretins) which stimulate insulin release on oral food intake.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Pulmonary disease: Pathophysiology: Due to vascular congestion in the lung, the pulmonary artery (Figure 3) becomes dilated and can compress the aorta and the LRLN. Primary pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary emboli Malignancy (pulmonary, mediastinal) Autoimmune: Mixed connective tissue disease Notable case: A young female with a history of mixed connective tissue disease presented with hoarseness of voice and was found to have secondary pulmonary artery hypertension. This was causing right heart enlargement and therefore compression of the LRLN. Idiopathic
=== Religion === Latter Day Saint movement (LDS movement), a collection of independent church groups The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the largest group within the Latter Day Saint movement Latvijas Dievturu Sadraudze, a Latvian neopagan organization
==== MOF-5 ==== MOF-5 has tetranuclear nodes in an octahedral configuration with an overall cubic structure. MOF-5 has a compressibility and Young's modulus (~14.9 GPa) comparable to wood, which was confirmed with density functional theory (DFT) and nanoindentation. While it was shown that the MOF-5 can demonstrate the hyperfilling phenomenon within a loading media of solvent, these MOFs are sensitive to pressure and undergo amorphization/pressure induced pore collapse at a pressure of 3.5 MPa when there is no fluid in the pores.
On July 11, 2021, the 2021 Cuban protests began with thousands of Cubans marching in the street as the single largest anti-government protest in Cuba since 1994. On July 14, Grand Master Zamora Fernández and Grand Secretary Carlos A. Pírez Benítez also addressed a letter to the whole of the Cuban people, the government, and all Cuban Freemasons. In this letter, they wrote that dialogue and tolerance were the most important ways to resolve any difference between parties that disagreed with each other. They desired human rights to be universally applied as codified in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They said that the events of the protests were foreseeable and entirely preventable; that it was not unordinary for a government to try and contain a protest, but that the Grand Lodge were disheartened by what they viewed as an excessive use of force and violence used by the government against the protestors. They stressed to the government that errors in governing a nation should never be approached with complacency. They wrote that July 14 was a special day of solemn remembrance in the history of Cuban Freemasonry, as it was that day, many years earlier, when the Grand Lodge of Cuba returned to their use of the motto of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. They wrote that all people are equal before the law, and that the Grand Lodge of Cuba stood alongside the people of Cuba, and advocated for peace, harmony and justice.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It originated at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow during the 1980s. The work was carried out by a Russian research group that specialized in peptide neuropharmacology.
It is registered as a medicine in Russia and has been used clinically there for decades. No regulatory agency in Western Europe or North America has approved it for any indication.
Semax corresponds to the four-to-ten fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Because it omits the first three residues, it lacks the adrenal-stimulating action of the full hormone.
不是。Semax 是完全人工合成的七肽，自然界中没有对应的已知肽段。它的设计灵感来自促肾上腺皮质激素片段 ACTH(4-10)，但序列经过了替换和延长。